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H I S TO R Y & A R C H I T E C T U R E I S S U E 2 2
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1347-1353 AD
The Black Death: The
devastating plague
killed millions, leading to
significant social, economic,
and cultural upheavals
across Europe.
1588 AD
The Spanish Armada: The
defeat of Spain's fleet by
the English navy marked
the decline of Spanish
dominance and the rise of
England as a major maritime
power.
1648 AD
The Treaty of Westphalia: Ending the Thirty Years' War,
this treaty established the concept of state sovereignty and
laid the foundation for the modern state system in Europe.
1789-1799 AD
The French Revolution: This
period of radical social and
political upheaval dismantled
the French monarchy, led to
the rise of Napoleon, and
spread revolutionary ideals
across Europe.
1453 AD
The Fall of Constantinople: The capture of the Byzantine capital
by the Ottoman Turks marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and
shifted the balance of power in the region.
